I explore the contexts that contribute to the emergence and persistence of non-resident citizen institutions, as well as the conditions that prompt these populations to engage with such institutions. By examining the political participation of non-resident citizen populations in Western Europe, I aim to address the broader questions of when, why, and how external citizens participate in the politics of their origin countries. This inquiry not only sheds light on the mechanisms of non-resident citizen engagement but also enhances our understanding of the impact of transnationalism on democratic processes.

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